Category: National

National news coverage from Pakistan including politics, economy, society, and major developments shaping events across the country.

  • Pakistan amends baggage rules; now $1,000 require declaration

    Pakistan amends baggage rules; now $1,000 require declaration

    ISLAMABAD: Pakistan has amended baggage rules to make currency declaration of an amount $1,000 while taking out of the country to Afghanistan.

    However, new slabs of currency declaration on the basis of age have also been announced.

    The Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) issued SRO 1864(I)/2022 dated October 10, 2022 to make changes in the Baggage Rules, 2006.

    READ MORE: PTBA raises objections to amendments proposed by FBR

    As per the new changes to the baggage rules, the outbound passenger, for all countries except Afghanistan, without prejudice to his entitlement of taking out of Pakistan $1,000 up to the age of 5 years, $5,000 above 5 years, up to 18 years and $10,000 above the age of 18 years, while taking out of Pakistan foreign currency exceeding $5,000 or equivalent, or any other prohibited or restricted item, shall file a declaration before or on departure, electronically in the WeBOC or pass track or manually at the airport.

    READ MORE: Pakistan’s tax to GDP ratio improves to 9.2 per cent in FY22: FBR

    The FBR said that the persons travelling to Afghanistan, while having entitlement of $1,000, shall file a declaration of currency in their possession.

    The incoming passenger when in possession of foreign currency exceeding $10,000 or equivalent, or any other prohibited or restricted item, shall also file a declaration.

    READ MORE: Pakistan customs seals over 1,600 illegal petrol pumps during FY22

    The FBR said that the declaration is also must for passengers carrying: Prohibited or restricted goods such as arms & ammunitions, narcotics, psychotropic substances or satellite phones etc; and gold and precious metals, jewelry, precious or semi-precious stones.

    The declaration of foreign currency in US $/ Bearer Negotiable Instrument or equivalent is mandatory for outbound passengers to all countries except Afghanistan, taking out amount exceeding $5,000 or equivalent;

    READ MORE: FBR directs IR offices to avoid recovery in pending appeals

    For passengers traveling to Afghanistan, taking out cash foreign currencies US $ or equivalent; and Incoming passengers bringing into Pakistan amount exceeding $ 10,000 or equivalent.

  • Pakistan may sharply cut petroleum prices from Oct 16, 2022

    Pakistan may sharply cut petroleum prices from Oct 16, 2022

    ISLAMABAD: Pakistan may announce a sharp reduction in petroleum prices for next fortnight starting from October 16, 2022 owing to massive gain in value of local currency and lower prices of oil in international markets.

    Finance Minister Ishaq Dar has also hinted to reduce the oil prices significantly in order to stabilize the economy and ease the burden of high prices.

    READ MORE: Pakistan sharply reduces petroleum prices from October 01, 2022

    The Pakistani Rupee (PKR) has recorded massive gain during past 12 sessions against the dollar.

    A day earlier, the local currency gained PKR 21.74 against the dollar during the last twelve straight sessions. The exchange rate reached to near record low of PKR 239.71 on September 22, 2022 to the dollar but ended at PKR 217.97 on October 10, 2022. Dar recently claimed that the actual value of the dollar is below PKR 200 and he vowed to bring it down.

    READ MORE: Pakistan reviews petroleum prices on Sept 30, 2022 amid crash in global rates

    Furthermore, the benchmark US Brent oil also fell to $95.62 per barrel on Tuesday owing to fears of lower demand globally.

    Previously, the government announced a sharp reduction in oil prices effective from October 01, 2022, which are:

    The rate of petrol has been reduced by Rs12.63 per liter to Rs224.80 from Rs237.43.

    The price of high speed diesel has been cut by 12.13 per liter to Rs235.30 from Rs247.43.

    The rate of Kerosene oil has been slashed by Rs10.19 to Rs191.83 from Rs202.02.

    The price of light diesel oil has been reduced by Rs10.78 to Rs186.50 from Rs197.28.

    READ MORE: New petroleum prices in Pakistan effective from September 21, 2022

    The government has reduced the petroleum prices in the wake of massive decline in international oil prices.

    The previous government of PTI had kept both the petroleum levy and sales tax at zero in order to provide relief to the masses. The PTI government also provided a huge subsidy on prices of petroleum products in order to lower the rates and provide relief to the masses.

    However, former Prime Minister Imran Khan was removed through a vote of no-confidence motion on April 10, 2022. Since then the new coalition government led by PML-N increased the prices of petroleum products sharply on three different occasions.

    READ MORE: New petroleum prices in Pakistan from September 01, 2022

    The present government in the budget estimated to collect Rs855 billion as petroleum levy during the fiscal year 2022/2023. As this fiscal year is starting from July 01, 2022, it is likely that the government will opt to impose the levy from this date.

  • Women entrepreneurs organize breast cancer awareness seminar

    Women entrepreneurs organize breast cancer awareness seminar

    KARACHI: Women entrepreneurs belonging to various chambers and associations have organized a seminar for awareness on breast.

    Women Entrepreneurs Committee of Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry and Karachi Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry Malir (KWCCI Malir) in collaboration with Samina Alvi Task force organized a seminar on Breast Cancer Awareness aimed at providing awareness to women about this disease.

    In the seminar, President FPCCI, Irfan Sheikh, SVP Suleman Chawla, VP Shabbir Mansha Churra, VP Haji Yaqoob, VP Engr. M. A. Jabbar, VP Shaukat Omerson, Convener Women Entrepreneurs Committee FPCCI and Founder President, KWCCI District Malir, Nazli Abid Nisar, MNA Syma Nadeem, Member Samina Alvi Task Force Misbah Khalid, Dr. Kausar, Plastic Surgeon and Breast Cancer Specialist, South City, Shahid Khan, Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce VP, FPCCI Rafat Alam, Dr Sana Mirza, Chairperson and associate professor, Lums, SVP KWCCI District Malir Afzala Shaheen , VP Yasmeen Arif and Farah khan were also attended the awareness session.

    Irfan Iqbal, FPCCI President, said that it is very important for women to be healthy for the formation of a strong society. FPCCI provided 2 vans equipped with modern medical facilities to Cancer Care for providing healthy life to women, and 300 women were tested out of which 11 women were found to have breast cancer.

    Nazli Abid Nisar, Convener FPCCI Women Entrepreneurs Committee and Founder President of Karachi Women Chamber of Commerce & Industry Malir, said that we have been organizing seminars with the support of Samina Alvi Task Force for 3 years and to prevent women from this disease. Providing awareness.

    “If a woman is healthy and strong, then a strong society will be formed and women can work by sitting at home alongside men”, she said.

    Nazli Abid was of the view that we want to reach the government from the platform of FPCCI to provide medical teams in cities and villages to prevent breast cancer so that women can be made aware of their health and provide treatment facilities.

  • Pact signed to promote STEAM education

    Pact signed to promote STEAM education

    ISLAMABAD: While transitioning from the exam-centred to learning based approach, the Ministry of Federal Education & Professional Training’s (MoFEPT) STEAM Pakistan program is focused on improving conceptual understanding and analytical skills of school children across the country, with a specific focus on girls’ education.

    Launched in early 2022, the program has already started its interventions in middle and high schools in the Islamabad Capital Territory.

    As part of the program, MoFEPT signed a Letter of Understanding (LoU) today with the Federal Government Educational Institutions (FGEI) for a roll-out of STEAM interventions across all of its high schools.

    FGEI’s Director General, Major General Muhammad Asghar, HI (M), stated that “STEAM Pakistan project will complement the various measures taken by FGEI to attain the objective of quality education and promote the conceptual learning and development of soft skills in youth”.

    The LoU intends to support FGEI’s efforts on targeting students in middle schools across its network, with MoFEPT providing technical support for systems, teacher training, and STEAM content.

    Additional Secretary Waseem Ajmal Chaudhry at the signing ceremony remarked, “It is important that we focus on our children’s learning, and today is a great opportunity for the Ministry of Federal Education to collaborate with another Ministry for this purpose. The Ministry looks forward to providing similar technical support to provinces on STEAM”.

    FGEI currently manages 190 high schools in 45 districts across all provinces and AJ&K, and a total of 311 schools (including 13 higher secondary schools) and 47 colleges across Pakistan with over 8,000 teachers and 200,000 students. FGEI operates under the aegis of Ministry of Defence.

    STEAM Pakistan is a collaborative project through which Malala Fund and partners are providing support to the Federal Ministry of Education and Professional Training to advance secondary school-aged girls’ access to science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics education in Pakistan.

  • SNGPL to distribute 100,000 LPG cylinders to meet energy shortage

    SNGPL to distribute 100,000 LPG cylinders to meet energy shortage

    KARACHI: Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited (SNGPL) has approved the supply of 100,000 cylinders of LPG gas to meet energy needs in coming winter.

    In a material information shared with the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) on Monday, SNGPL said in view of potential gas shortfall in the forthcoming winter, the Ministry of Energy (Petroleum Division) has advised to explore all possible options to meet energy needs of consumers, including supplying LPG cylinders.

    Accordingly, the Board of Directors of SNGPL in their meeting dated September 28, 2022, has approved the project of LPG distribution with 100,000 Cylinders.

    The estimated initial investment for the venture is up to Rs 1,200 million. The return on investment is not subject to present ROA regime and will be determined as per market dynamics.

  • President Alvi awards ‘dismissal from service’ to DG PEMRA

    President Alvi awards ‘dismissal from service’ to DG PEMRA

    ISLAMABAD: President Dr Arif Alvi has awarded major penalty of ‘dismissal from service’ to Director General of Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA).

    While upholding the decision of the Federal Ombudsperson for Protection against Harassment of Women at Workplace (FOSPAH), the President awarded the major penalty of “Dismissal from Service” to a Director General of PEMRA (the Appellant) and also enhanced the fine from Rs. 2 million to Rs. 2.5 million.

    READ MORE: President Alvi bars retrospective effect to profit rates on saving certificates

    He held that it had been established beyond any reasonable doubt that the female employee was harassed by the accused with verbal, vulgar, sexual, and demeaning comments and demands by the Appellant.

    The President observed that he took a strong exception and used the full force of the law when such matters were brought to light and were proven beyond doubt to ensure a safe working environment for the female gender.

    This, he added, was aimed at unleashing their great economic potential which remained unexploited due to their fear of harassment at the workplace.

    The President ordered that the amount of compensation shall be recovered from arrears of pay (if any), pension emoluments or any other source (property) of the Appellant as per Section 4(i)(d) of the Protection Against the Harassment of Women at Workplace Act 2010 and be given to the complainant as compensation in lieu of the hardships faced by her at the hands of the Appellant.

    READ MORE: President Alvi directs State Life Insurance to pay compensation

    This landmark decision was announced after the President gave personal prolonged hearings to the accused, the complainant and their counsels on 22.07.2022 and 25.07.2022, besides factoring in the evidence and recording the statements of the witnesses on record and minutely perusing the entire proceedings of the case.

    In his decision, the President noted that the accused continued harassing the complainant unabated even during the proceedings of the case by FOSPAH, in his suspension period, by filing applications against the complainant to IG Police, Islamabad and to DG (FIA), Cyber Crime Wing, Islamabad, thus, inflicting grave mental torture to the complainant and putting her repute at stake.

    The President added that the said act of the accused was a flagrant violation of the laws of Pakistan, particularly the Protection Against Harassment of Women at Workplace Act 2010, and a blatant example of how women were discouraged, even those brave ones who come forward risking their reputation, to file cases of harassment. “The statistics with reference to the number of cases are infinitesimal as compared to the anecdotal discussion of the frequency of harassment in our society”, he added.

    READ MORE: President Alvi rejects Habib Bank plea, orders to pay victims

    In his order, the President wrote that women, who were more than 50% of our society, were unable to work freely because of possible harassment. “Public spaces are reduced for them; educational opportunities which is their right have been denied to them by their parents in certain cases because of the fear of harassment at the educational institutions as they look for “girls/women only institutions”.

    As a result, women in our society are mostly undereducated, severely underemployed, financially constrained, denied proper inheritance and discriminated against at the time of promotions.

    He said that Islam kept women in high esteem and provided them with the right to pursue gainful occupations and employment by ensuring a safe, secure, dignified and respectful workplace environment.

    He said that due to these reasons, Bibi Khadija (RA), the wife of the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him), was a businesswoman and Hazrat Umar (RA) appointed Al-Shifa’ bint Abdullah as the custodian of the market who was entrusted with the portfolio of the Accountability Court and Market Administration.

    READ MORE: HBL ordered to compensate bank fraud victim

    The President further added that Hazrat Umm-e-Kulsum bint Ali was sent on a diplomatic mission to the court of the Queen of Rome and many women took part in battles including Hazrat Ayesha (RA), Umm-e-Salim (RA), Umm-e-Ammara (RA) and Umm-e-Saleet, Safiyya bint Abd al-Muttalib, Umm-e-Atiya al-Ansar (RA) Rufaida Al-Aslamia and Asma bint Yazid ibn Al-Sakan who protected the prophet in battles, treated the wounded soldiers and provided them logistic support and served them with water and food.

    The President quoted a recent judgment of the Supreme Court in a case of harassment wherein it was noted, “It is time to pave the way towards the actualization of robust and unwavering constitutional ideals and values by embracing the participation of women in all spheres of life with honour and dignity”, and that “No nation can rise to the height of glory”, in the words of the Founder of our Nation, Muhammed Ali Jinnah, “unless your women are side by side with you. We are victims of evil customs. It is a crime against humanity that our women are shut up within the four walls of the houses as prisoners.

    READ MORE: FBR directed to bring entire sugar supply chain into tax net

    There is no sanction anywhere for the deplorable condition in which our women have to live.” Keeping in view the established facts of the case, the President directed the relevant authority to implement the order in letter and spirit and furnish compliance to Registrar FOSPAH within the stipulated period.

  • Pakistan sharply reduces petroleum prices from October 01, 2022

    Pakistan sharply reduces petroleum prices from October 01, 2022

    ISLAMABAD: The government on Friday announced significant reduction in petroleum prices for next fortnight starting from October 01, 2022.

    According to the new prices, effective from October 01, 2022:

    The rate of petrol has been reduced by Rs12.63 per liter to Rs224.80 from Rs237.43.

    READ MORE: Pakistan reviews petroleum prices on Sept 30, 2022 amid crash in global rates

    The price of high speed diesel has been cut by 12.13 per liter to Rs235.30 from Rs247.43.

    The rate of Kerosene oil has been slashed by Rs10.19 to Rs191.83 from Rs202.02.

    The price of light diesel oil has been reduced by Rs10.78 to Rs186.50 from Rs197.28.

    The government has reduced the petroleum prices in the wake of massive decline in international oil prices.

    READ MORE: New petroleum prices in Pakistan effective from September 21, 2022

    According to Reuters news agency oil prices fell $2 a barrel a day earlier, settling at nine-month lows in choppy trade, pressured by a strengthening dollar as market participants awaited details on new sanctions on Russia.

    Brent crude futures for November settled down $2.09, or 2.4 per cent, to $84.06 a barrel, plunging below levels reached on January 14. U.S. West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude for November delivery dropped by $2.06, or 2.3 per cent to $76.71, the lowest since Jan. 6.

    Previously, the government revised the petroleum prices on September 21, 2022, which was scheduled to be announced on September 15, 2022.

    READ MORE: New petroleum prices in Pakistan from September 01, 2022

    The previous government of PTI had kept both the petroleum levy and sales tax at zero in order to provide relief to the masses. The PTI government also provided a huge subsidy on prices of petroleum products in order to lower the rates and provide relief to the masses.

    However, former Prime Minister Imran Khan was removed through a vote of no-confidence motion on April 10, 2022. Since then the new coalition government led by PML-N increased the prices of petroleum products sharply on three different occasions.

    READ MORE: New petroleum prices in Pakistan from August 16, 2022

    The present government in the budget estimated to collect Rs855 billion as petroleum levy during the fiscal year 2022/2023. As this fiscal year is starting from July 01, 2022, it is likely that the government will opt to impose the levy from this date.

    The exchange rate has seen massive decline in rupee value during past week despite inflows received from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

    Pakistani Rupee (PKR) has plunged by PKR 20 against the US dollar since the country received tranche from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The country received a tranche of $1.16 billion from the IMF under Extended Fund (EFF) loan program on August 31, 2022.

    The government was hopeful of improvement in economic indicators once the money is received from the IMF. However, in contrast the PKR fell sharply since the IMF funds transferred to the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP).

  • Pakistan reviews petroleum prices on Sept 30, 2022 amid crash in global rates

    Pakistan reviews petroleum prices on Sept 30, 2022 amid crash in global rates

    Pakistan is set to review petroleum prices on September 30, 2022 for the next fortnight starting from October 01, 2022. The government will review the prices when the prices in international markets have been crashed to multi months low.

    According to Reuters news agency oil prices fell $2 a barrel a day earlier, settling at nine-month lows in choppy trade, pressured by a strengthening dollar as market participants awaited details on new sanctions on Russia.

    READ MORE: New petroleum prices in Pakistan effective from September 21, 2022

    Brent crude futures for November settled down $2.09, or 2.4 per cent, to $84.06 a barrel, plunging below levels reached on January 14. U.S. West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude for November delivery dropped by $2.06, or 2.3 per cent to $76.71, the lowest since Jan. 6.

    Previously, the government revised the petroleum prices on September 21, 2022, which was scheduled to be announced on September 15, 2022.

    According to a statement issued by the Finance Division, the government decided to increase prices of petrol by Rs1.45 per liter to Rs237.43 from previous rate of Rs235.98.

    READ MORE: New petroleum prices in Pakistan from September 01, 2022

    However, the government kept the price of high speed diesel (HSD) unchanged at Rs247.43 per liter.

    The price of kerosene oil has been reduced by Rs8.30 per liter to Rs202.02 from Rs210.32.

    Similarly, the rate of light diesel oil has been reduced by Rs4.26 per liter to Rs198.28 from previous rate of Rs201.54.

    It is pertinent to mention that the government to announce the prices of petroleum products in the wake of massive appreciation in rupee value as well. Besides, Ishaq Dar is also assuming the charge as finance minister. These factors would also impact the review.

    READ MORE: New petroleum prices in Pakistan from August 16, 2022

    The previous government of PTI had kept both the petroleum levy and sales tax at zero in order to provide relief to the masses. The PTI government also provided a huge subsidy on prices of petroleum products in order to lower the rates and provide relief to the masses.

    However, former Prime Minister Imran Khan was removed through a vote of no-confidence motion on April 10, 2022. Since then the new coalition government led by PML-N increased the prices of petroleum products sharply on three different occasions.

    READ MORE: New petroleum prices in Pakistan from August 1, 2022

    The present government in the budget estimated to collect Rs855 billion as petroleum levy during the fiscal year 2022/2023. As this fiscal year is starting from July 01, 2022, it is likely that the government will opt to impose the levy from this date.

    The exchange rate has seen massive decline in rupee value during past week despite inflows received from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

    READ MORE: New prices of petroleum products in Pakistan from July 01, 2022

    Pakistani Rupee (PKR) has plunged by PKR 20 against the US dollar since the country received tranche from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The country received a tranche of $1.16 billion from the IMF under Extended Fund (EFF) loan program on August 31, 2022.

    The government was hopeful of improvement in economic indicators once the money is received from the IMF. However, in contrast the PKR fell sharply since the IMF funds transferred to the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP).

  • Over 100,000 flood affected children given health treatment in Sindh hospitals

    Over 100,000 flood affected children given health treatment in Sindh hospitals

    KARACHI: More than 100,000 children have been treated free of cost at the children’s Emergency Rooms (ERs) of government teaching hospitals in flood-hit locations.

    The ERs have remained operational 24/7 despite torrential rains and flooding in calamity-hit districts of Sindh. They provide quality emergency medical care as well as dispense life-saving medicines to flood-affected children.

    The ERs are managed by ChildLife Foundation under the Sindh government’s long-standing public private partnership with the organization.

    It has strengthened the public health system in the province by upgrading the children’s ERs so they meet international standards of care.

    More than 400 healthcare and management professionals are at the helm of the ERs in flood-affected areas, where timely medical care is given to children being brought in with complaints of water-borne diseases such as gastroenteritis, malaria, cholera, dengue, typhoid, pneumonia and skin infections.

    “The floods have given rise to an alarming public health situation and have put children at extreme risk of disease and death. The children’s ERs in flood-affected cities of Larkana, Sukkur, Nawabshah, and Hyderabad are receiving double the regular volume of patients daily.

    “It is a challenging time, but government support has ensured the delivery of emergency treatment to flood-affected children without a break or pause,” says Dr. Ahson Rabbani, CEO of ChildLife Foundation.

    The Sindh government’s support has also facilitated telehealth consultations for children in remote rural areas through a telemedicine network. It connects all district hospitals of Sindh to Karachi’s Civil Hospital where child specialists assess patients through HD camera and IP phone and provide them with expert consultations.

    Moreover, free medical camps have been organized for children in district and tehsil headquarter hospitals and rural health centers in Daur, District Shaheed Benazirabad, Tharushah, District Naushahro Feroze, and Oderolal Station, District Matiari. At these medical camps, child specialists have provided free treatment, medicines and referrals to flood-affected children.

  • Dispensation of swift justice priority of Supreme Court of Pakistan

    Dispensation of swift justice priority of Supreme Court of Pakistan

    Pakistan needs a speedy justice system in order to win the confidence of people and take quantum leap to reduce the pendency of cases. The Supreme Court of Pakistan (SCP) has taken various measures to improve the justice system in the country and encourage all the lower and higher courts to enhance efficiency in their workings.

    In order to recognize the efficiency, the SCP distributed awards among model court judges in 2019. Shabana Waheed, Additional District Judge (ADJ) Karachi Central was among the judges, who received the model court award.

    ADJ Shabana Waheed is taking lead in providing speedy justice without hurting the actual essence of the justice system. She is known to resolve disputes in shorter span of time even convincing parties to resolve with the mutual consent to settle out of court.

    In a recent case, ADJ Shabana Waheed helped the parties to mutually resolve the dispute of an immovable property. It was case of real brother and a sister. The sister was claiming that the immovable property was in the name of her mother and the distribution of shares should be within heirs of the mother. On the other hand the brother claimed it was benami property as their mother was a housewife; therefore, the owner of the property would be he himself or his father (late), as the property was purchased after the death of the father.

    During course of discussion, the sister disclosed that her father had purchased another immovable property during his lifetime and the instant disputed property was purchased from the funds received through sale of the previous property that was also sold after the death of the father. The disclosure of the sister cleared the things.

    The brother offered to surrender his benami right if his sister agreed to distribute share amongst all heirs of their father, including step sisters and brothers. The sister also showed positive gesture and agreed to the proposal.

    The role of the ADJ is that, though it was not official court proceeding, she resolved the issue while convincing both the sister and the brother to abide the Sharia Law and protect the rights. She also referred many verses of the Holy Quran to shed light on the importance of rights.

    This quick resolution not only bring closer both brother and sister, who were contesting this case for the past many years, but it also resulted harmony in the society just because of ADJ Shabana Waheed.

    Hon’ble Chief Justice of Pakistan Mr. Justice Umar Ata Bandial at the opening ceremony of New Judicial Year 2022-2023 said that dispensation of swift and economic justice being a priority, the Federal Judicial Academy and the Law and Justice Commission of Pakistan (LJCP), under the guidance of this Court, are resorting to alternative dispute resolution (ADR), which in time shall reduce the pendency of cases in all tiers of courts by around 40 percent, in the next three years.

    The Opening ceremony of New Judicial Year 2022-2023 was held today on 12th September 2022 in Court Room No.1 of Supreme Court of Pakistan, Islamabad. The ceremony was presided over by the Hon’ble Chief Justice of Pakistan Mr. Justice Umar Ata Bandial and was attended by the Hon’ble Judges, law officers and members of the legal fraternity.

    The ceremony was held on the eve of the start of the New Judicial Year, to take stock of performance of the past year and to formulate future policies accordingly not only for advancement of justice but also for protection of the fundamental rights of the people.

    The Hon’ble Chief Justice graced the occasion with the key note address. His lordship informed that during the period from 2nd Feb, 2022 till 9th Sep, 2022 the court has decided 14,943 cases, minimizing the pending cases from 54,134 to 50, 265, accordingly.

    The Hon’ble Chief Justice of Pakistan concluded with a solemn pledge regarding the court’s commitment to defend the Constitution in its entirety.